The pass holder is responsible for the pass. Hi everyone. 50. You choose when your space is [email protected] and innovative parking technology raises seven-figure investment deal . If you require assistance during your stay in the car park, you can contact the 24-7 support service on 01978 290304. 00 Entry after 5pm £2 Payment for parking is by card ONLY. Digital Land Management giving you unrivalled access to your car park performance. 13. Parking type. Dave Sharples signed up for a parking website called Hozah: Autopay to make it easier to use the car park at Eagles Meadow. Please note bus travel is not included with any Hozah session. Yellow box junctions. Book now. 70. Head of Sales - Hozah Parking 1mo Report this post Report Report. Back SubmitHozah’s complete parking management system ensures shopper discounts are applied automatically. A new parking technology could mean drivers won't receive hefty fines and charges ever again. Showing: 8 results for Parking Facilities near Victoria, BC. com 1d Report this post Report Report. Just drive in, park and on return after any time interval and drive off. Please see the Tickets page of the Oxford Bus Company website to confirm prices and terms and conditions of travel. com - Offering bespoke parking solutions including our award winning and industry leading Zero Touch Payment ®️🪄🪬💡solution. The car park is on land owned by Adderstone Group but parking enforcement is managed by Workflow Dynamics Limited. Park by APCOA Connect. Whether you are looking for something completely new or simply moving away from a painful experience in management of the Car Park, Hozah Parking offer unique and bespoke land management tools to. Learn how to use Hozah, the online payment system for parking at the University of Hertfordshire, and the Park and Ride car park for free parking. 1 Croydon 11th Floor, 12-16 Addiscombe Road. Previous company names. ️📹 Full Revenue Protection: Hozah Autopay's integrated camera system ensures full revenue protection for landowners. You will receive a confirmation email once you have registered,. whilst maintaining the best driver experience. The primary reasons for developing ZTP was to provide an inclusive, zero-touch payment…Offering bespoke parking solutions including our Zero Touch Payments® service. 80 2-3 Hours £3. Hozah makes car parks better through smart but easy-to-use parking payments. ‘There are many benefits of a fully automated payment system, not least of which that it generates the council more revenue. It's time for an upgrade. <br><br>Hozah Ltd has become a leading provider of. They are also Cyber Security Certified and were runners up in the 2020 Ernest Davies Award for Advancing Parking Knowledge as well as Finalists at The Parkex 2019 Innovation Trail. Hozah Ltd 903 followers 2y. "The most likely explanation when a PCN has been received after payment has been made is that the user mis-keyed their registration number", said David Peach, managing director of Workflow. Public Transport Information: By train – 1 mile from Welwyn Garden City Station. Payment information Pay by cash, credit / debit card, Hozah, Swift or PaybyPhone. Remove the vehicle in question from your account. You will only need to pay for parking between Monday-Friday, 07:00–19:00. Happy New Year! 2020. Flat rate: £6. To see our last piece on congregation in car parks, click. Parked in a Hozah enabled car park and paid parking fee via debit card. Hozah is the ultimate champion for zero touch parking payments which allows drivers to make automatic payments for their parking. The startup further optimizes parking owners’ profits by enabling them to keep the differential payment as per the area and time. It is operated for ODS and Oxford City Council by Hozah, which also operates ANPR parking for councils that include Coventry and. 6 Hours £15. With 8 years of experience in the tech industry, I have become passionate about using technology to create sustainable, liveable, and connected cities. S4 7SW. 00. 7 Hours £17. After I entered the carpark at the pre-booked time slot on 22/10/2023, I received an e-mail from Hozah to inform me that the parking fee will be automatically deducted from my bank account. 💰🚀 Boosting Parking Profitability: Hozah's car park management platform isn't just a parking solution; it's a revenue-boosting powerhouse. It has become clear that banknotes and coins are an important contributor to the spread […]Hozah are a member of the British Parking Association and the International Parking Community, using an enforcer from the BPA’s Approved Operator Scheme. Best known for our nationwide Zero Touch Payments ® service, our specialities range further than just touchless technologies to enable us to tackle the most complex of charging structures, land management issues and provide high-tier data analytics. Say goodbye to parking violators and hello to increased profits. Double charged and then an extra 20%. Set up Autopay. Hozah® Autopay is an automatic parking payment system that detects when registered vehicles enter and exit the car park, and then automatically collects payment based on your length of stay. A new year, a new decade, and an opportunity to consider the future of car parks. Really excited for my first event with Unity Five Ltd (Zatpark) at Landor LINKS Ltd Traffic and Parking in Manchester. Free parking remains for blue badge holders. Richard Ofield’s Post Richard Ofield Managing Director at Park Consult 8hCar Parking Competition. com 1moWe would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 20/07/20. This will provide you with a breakdown of costs and parking sessions. Hozah: Leading the way in digital land management 2y Report this post Report Report. Back Submit. Back Submit. Ian. Stanborough Road Welwyn Garden City Herts AL8 6XF. APCOA Parking. This costs £4. Best known for our nationwide Zero Touch Payments® service, our specialities range further than just touchless technologies to enable us to tackle the most complex of charging structures, land management. 00 – 19. Support lousy. Shannon St, Leeds LS9 8SS # touchfree # automatic # nofinesNew parking experts Hozah has just received investment which will ensure their revolutionary new technology can get off the ground. #itfcAward Winning Parking Revenue Generation & Management, including Touch Free AutoPay contact [email protected] the chicken and the egg and build your own future in partnership with Hozah Parking!! Ian 07932 326479 Ian@hozah. There a few free parking areas in Southport, plus you can always park in one of the train stations for free and jump the train to Southport if travelling within the. gov. Zero Touch Payments – Hozah. The accounts status is TOTAL EXEMPTION FULL and accounts are next due on 31/01/2023. As long as you have an active Autopay account with your vehicle registered, you will not receive any Parking Charge Notices, so you can rely on Autopay as your primary payment method. Hozah Parking, 21-23 Elmfield Road, Bromley, England, BR1 1LT . Please note bus travel is not included with any Hozah session. North Essex Parking Partnership (NEPP)Hozah is a fully automated parking payment system, which detects when drivers enter and leave the car park, and then charges you automatically. As a benefit, the startup enables centralized and automatic parking management for smart cities. Paul McPartlin. com for more information on Autopay or our suite of. Explore our platform's potential for your business. Anglers pay £1. In order to add new payment details to your account: Navigate to Sign in to your Autopay account. 🌐💻 Digital Transformation: Embrace the future of parking technology with Hozah Autopay, a key component of our complete parking management system. 00 for each additional 12 hour period after the first. Fully automated. 00 4+ Hours £6. John Radcliffe Hospital site map (pdf) There are also accessible spaces in car parks 3 and 4: to avoid a Parking Charge Notice if you use these spaces, scan your Blue Badge at a pay machine and enter your Vehicle Registration Number (VRN), or send your Blue Badge and VRN details to: ANPR. There are a number of methods by which this can be enforced, but the newest of these is ANPR. 00. (3 pages) 1. Ncp parking charge - to appeal? KayKay21 Posts: 7 Forumite. £2 parking £4. As long as you have an active Autopay account with your vehicle registered, you will not receive any Parking Charge Notices, so you can rely on Autopay as your primary payment method. Award Winning Parking Management, including Touch Free AutoPay Parking, Generate Revenue from your Car Parks. Serving my area. Hozah also offers automatic payments for electric charging stations in Hozah-adapted car parks, connecting with Croydon’s smart city enterprise through emissions-based parking charges which work towards addressing poor air. Hozah also offers a No Parking Fine Guarantee. COMPETITION TIME. Received a lovely parking charge notice today for being in a car park for a mere 14mins. For more information about how Hozah can help with automatic emissions-based charging, click here. Hozah Ltd, Castle House, Castle Street, Guildford GU1 3UW. Simply park and go. Flat rate: £6. Digital Land Management giving you unrivalled access to your car park performance. Get in contact to see how we are changing the face of modern. Workflow Dynamics is accredited to the British Parking Association’s Approved Operator Scheme (AOS) and is a signatory to the Healthcare and Higher Education Parking Charters. 1 Complete a one time sign up with your number plate and payment details 2 We will detect you entering & exiting Hozah-enabled car parks, including Eagles Meadow 3 And charge. Parking. From parking to permits, emissions to tolling, payments to diagnostics, ANPR. Alliance Parking sent parking fine letters out to customers who claimed they followed the system and provided their car registration details on arrival, starting at £60, rising to £100, then £160. If you lose your ticket, please press the telephone. However, I noticed recently that a sneaky (£11) charge had been added to my account, for an overnight parking session which simply did not occur. Set up Autopay. If you're…Up to 6 Hours £6. 50. In Harrogate, Nwave’s solutions partner AppyParking worked with two local authorities, Harrogate Borough Council (HBC) and North Yorkshire County Council (NYCC), with a shared goal to improve the parking experiences for local residents, businesses and visitors. Hozah is a fully automated parking payment system which detects when drivers enter and leave the car park and then charges you automatically. Streamlined. Hozah is an autopay system and motorists who sign up will have their vehicle detected every time they enter and leave the car park and then be automatically charged for the length of their stay. Inter-Con Security. 2 - 3 hours £7. You have until midnight on the day you park to register any vehicle and pay your £2 parking charge for any stays over 2 hours within the enforcement period. We are proud to be a member of the BPA's Approved Operator Scheme, and are committed. The car park is free and open from 07. Details of local park and ride services may be found here. No fuss, just fully automatic parking…Mon-Sun - All day. To get a shuttle bus from the Park and Ride car park to College Lane or de Havilland, you’ll need to buy a ticket that costs £1 from the ticket machine at the bus shelter. Set up Autopay. Get in contact to see how we are changing the face. 80 3-4 Hours £5. The trial does not impact the prices of parking only, annual, quarterly, or 28-day permit holders. Get the latest business insights from Dun & Bradstreet. Registered VAT no. +44 1865 252489. Connect Tony Mullane. Set up Autopay. It’s a good time to familiarise drivers with this new way of parking, and ultimately ensure it’s long and continued success. Discover how Hozah's car park management technology is revolutionising…Hozah - automated parking payments Hozah is a fully automated parking payment system that uses number plate recognition cameras to detect when drivers enter and leave a car park. 13. How does our user-friendly system benefit both…Pay for your parking automatically with Hozah - Zero Touch Payments® No cash, no apps, and no fines. 00. Support and Contact Us. Please note bus travel is not included with any Hozah session. Hozah was invited to be a part of an exciting panel of industry experts to discuss how the parking and transport industry must embrace technology and data in the coming post-Coronavirus world. Reload. Mar 15, 2022. 80. Up to 7 Hours £7. Ian. On-street parking (Zone 3) - up to 2 hours. View summary of company credit check, director search and other financial reports. Book your permit. Our technology helps. <form action="" style="background-color:#fff;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:9999"><div style="font-size:18px;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif. Award Winning Parking Management, including Touch Free AutoPay Parking, Generate Revenue from your Car Parks. The first is on the use of cash. How does Hozah Autopay work? How do I update the payment details on my account? How do I add a new vehicle to my Autopay account? Can I. Early Bird £6. The Hozah system works very well for me, I use one particular car park in Hexham almost daily. We are offering monthly, quarterly and annual permits, giving you unlimited parking at Eagles Meadow at a reduced rate. 🚗💼 Enhancing Retail Revenue: Say goodbye to parking frustrations and hello to increased revenue! Hozah Autopay transforms the customer experience at retail locations, boosting efficiency and. +44 114 287 0910. Next. Many of the parking fines appear to date back to February 20. Best Parking in Sidney, BC - Robbins Parking Service, Commercial Street Parking Garage, Olympic Budget Parking, Kerrisdale Parkade, Robbins, jetSet Parking, City of. Keep track of your payments on the Hozah website dashboard. The trial started on October 24 and is due to continue for. com before entering the car park. Hozah offers Hozah Autopay, a fully automated parking payment system that detects when drivers enter and exit Hozah-enabled car parks and then automatically bills them for their length of stay. Works at this and all other Autopay-enabled car parks in the UK. Hozah is a trading name of Hozah Parking Limited (company number: 10429939), part of Hozah LTD (10737867), both of which trade out of Floor 11, One Croydon, 12-16 Addiscombe Road, Croydon, United Kingdom, CR0 0XT. Hozah Ltd 1,012 followers 2y. To submit an application, you must have: Accepted a room in campus accommodation at the College Lane site. Headquarters. The decisions relating to the purposes and means of the personal data processing are in principle centralised at this location. 5 via YourParkingSpace for parking at Glass Mill Carpark in London for 24 hours starting from 12:30 pm 22/10/23. Hozah has been featured in the August edition of Parking News talking about the significance of touch-free during Covid-19 "Hozah’s focus over the past four years had been on perfecting the ability to facilitate touchless parking, and its flagship Zero Touch Payments. Back. Sheffield. Parking on de Havilland campus is Extenuating Circumstance permit holders only. Suggested companies. Up to 7 Hours £7. Please note bus travel is not included with any Hozah session. Change company name resolution on 2018-01-15. RES15 ‐. After I entered the carpark at the pre-booked time slot on 22/10/2023, I received an e-mail from Hozah to inform me that the parking fee will be automatically deducted from my bank account. 5 Hours £12. For all EV motorists who know how incredibly frustrating it is to find charging points that are not working, this Zap-Map operator ranking list might help…We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. On-street parking (Zone 1) - Up to 2 hours. Learn how Hozah's car park management platform ensures that customers can focus on retail therapy, not. Instead, you need to apply for your Blue Badge discount via the Hozah website by uploading a copy of your Blue Badge and selecting the Blue Badge discount option (£1 for a full day). Implement Hozah's car park management platform to provide a seamless parking… Liked by Ninh Hao Today marks the start of a new chapter in my journey, as I start my new role as Regional Director - Emerging Markets, for EasyPark Group. When using a Hozah Autopay enabled car park, do not use an alternative payment method. HOZAH PARKING LIMITED - Free company information from Companies House including registered office address, filing history, accounts, annual return, officers, charges, business activity. Hozah. North Quay Drive. Welcome to Hozah Support Search for a topic to get started. The startup further optimizes parking owners’ profits by enabling them to keep the differential payment as per the area and time. Postcode. 12-16 Addiscombe Rd, London, Greater London, CR0 0XT, United Kingdom. Please see the Tickets page of the Oxford Bus Company website to confirm prices and terms and conditions of travel. Parking. Raised a total funding of $461K over 2 rounds from 1 investor. To register please visit the Hozah website. Distance Rating. © 2023 Hozah. As a benefit, the startup enables centralized and automatic parking management for smart cities Hozah automates Parking Payments Partner for Digital Parking Solutions British startup Hozah automates parking payments. We at Hozah Parking are pleased to announce that we have retained working with some modern forward thinking University and Retail clients. Croydon, England, CR0 0XT, United Kingdom. Name. Hozah: Hub Parking Technology A Business Unit of FAAC (UK) Ltd: Imperial Civil Enforcement Solutions also t/a Open Parking:. HOZAH PARKING LIMITED - Free company information from Companies House including registered office address, filing history, accounts,. 00 All day - £10. The first is on the use of cash. Cash using the pay machines on site: 0-1 hour: Free; 1-16 hours: £2; 16-24 hours: £4;. Hozah. Hozah: Leading the way in digital land management Report this post Report ReportNot Covered - 200 spaces. Hassle free parking well worth the 20p use fee. Sign up via the Hozah website at: and never worry about paying for parking using cash or apps again! 👏A parking payment system that works through automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) is being trialled at three of Oxford’s park & ride car parks. It's great to see Hozah's Zero Touch Payments® system feature in August's edition of Parking News: We're always delighted to help…We at Hozah Parking are pleased to announce that we have retained working with some modern forward thinking University and Retail clients. There is free parking for Blue Badge holders. Study;. Simply park and go. Suburban Car Parks. Alternatively you can sign up to Hozah to make automatic payments whenever you enter the park. Works at this and all other Autopay-enabled car parks in the UK. At the University of Hertfordshire, we use Hozah, which makes paying for parking quick, easy, and convenient. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. Date of experience: October 12, 2023💼🏆 Elevate Your Retail Business: Join the ranks of successful retailers who have transformed their parking operations with Hozah's car park… Liked by Robert Pritchard This time last year I was made redundant, along with a group of very talented individuals, it felt bad at the time but I am sure everything happens…Will Hurley Chief Executive Office of The International Parking Community 2dMotorhome parking. 🔄🌐 The Future of Car Park Management: Hozah's technology is leading the way towards a more efficient, tech-driven future where landowners experience…In a social media video, M&S Hexham said Hozah had installed the new touch screen machine near the car park's disabled bays and that it is more user-friendly and sheltered from the elements. Hozah - Automated parking payment solutions. Founder David Fowle advised the industry, “Look at technology from a driver perspective, first and foremost. Sort. 00, Monday – Friday during term time. <iframe src="height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility. Controlled parking zones (CPZs) are areas where parking is restricted or reserved for permit holders only. Brilliant, informative post from Sonia Welch detailing how easy Hozah makes parking 🅿️. More information about yellow box junctions in Lewisham. To register please visit the Hozah website. BRUNSWICK CAR PARK GOES CASHLESS. Founding Year: 2017 Location: London, UK Partner for Digital Parking SolutionsThis article is the fourth in a series about parking in a post COVID-19 world where hygiene and economics are of paramount importance. 80. Credit and debit cards accepted. Sheffield. This is a fully automated parking payment system that uses number plate recognition cameras to detect when drivers enter and leave a car park. English national concessionary bus passes for the over 60s and disabled people are accepted on Park and Ride buses. We hope this information is of help, should you have any further questions please do not hesitate to contact the hotel directly on 01244 324024. Worcester Street parking goes cashless. If you fail to register your car details with HOZAH and you stay longer than 2 hours you will receive a fixed penalty notice and have to pay £80 (reduced to £40 if paid within 14 days). Offering bespoke parking solutions including our award winning and industry leading Zero Touch Payment ®️🪄🪬💡solution. b) Ensure that in protecting their property, legitimate users of their facilities are able to park unhindered in their private car park. With the UK’s most intelligent Autopay technology. Hozah Autopay is a fully automated, parking payment system that detects when drivers enter and exit Hozah-enabled car parks and then automatically bills them for their length of stay. International Parking Systems (UK) Ltd. I immediately followed the procedure mentioned by Hozah with payment receipt of YourParkingSpace uploaded in order to avoid Hozah to charge me the parking. Bus fares. The future of parking will have a considerable focus on making parking more economical long-term. If you need to stay for longer than 2 hours between these parking enforcement hours, you will need to register your vehicle and pay the £2 daily parking charge. Reviews. Email address. Charges Apply Charges apply everyday except Christmas Day and New Year’s Day. One-time signup. Pre-book prices may vary. 00. Period. Website. Please refer to the Tickets page of the Oxford Bus Company website to confirm prices and terms and conditions of travel. Monthly, quarterly and annual permits are available. To register please visit the Hozah website. To see our last piece on The Digital Transformation of the Smart City, click here. 80. View Company Info for Free. However, I noticed recently that a sneaky (£11) charge had been added to my account, for an overnight parking session which simply did not occur. As the co-founder of Hozah Ltd, I have been at the forefront of the smart cities revolution, driving innovation and transformation in the urban landscape. Telephone: 024 7683 4367. 25 units/50 µl reaction) for amplicons up to 3 kb. An increase in off-street car parking? During lockdown, traffic levels in the UK reduced to 35-45% of ‘normal levels’. Ian. The car park adjacent to the Sport Village is owned and managed by the University of Hertfordshire. Motorhome parking. We detect you entering and exiting a car park. The allotted free parking time was later increased to three hours after a backlash from customers. The loss of the pass must be reported immediately to Parking Services psadmin@coventry. Up to 4 hours: £5. quick easy parking, frequent buses into Oxford. Hozah - automated parking payments Hozah is a fully automated parking payment system that uses number plate recognition cameras to detect when drivers enter and leave a car park. We detect you entering and exiting a car park. Digital Land Management giving you unrivalled access to your car park performance. Ian@hozah. 00. Parking type. nhs. Hozah is responsible for payments. Perry Clifford - Dartford, United Kingdom | Professional Profile | LinkedInHozah is a fully automated parking payment system, which detects when drivers enter and leave the car park, and then charges you automatically. Role Active Director Date of birth October 1991 Appointed on 1 June 2018 Nationality British Country of residence England Occupation Operations. From the 21st of July, Eagles Meadow is introducing Hozah: Autopay – an automated parking payment system where you don’t have to worry about using cash or apps to pay for parking. Put simply, your car is now your payment card! We accurately calculate the fee and take automatic payment after you leave As an alternative, you can sign-up to Hozah Autopay. The first is on the use of cash. Please feel free to get in touch with any questions. Looking forward to rounding off. Hozah 1,499 followers 1d 💰🚀 No More Missed Revenue: Hozah Autopay ensures accurate and effortless payment collection for every parking session. Over 7 to 24 Hours £8. Parking. Please get in touch to see how we can help you manage your car parks. 2 - 3 hours £7. Parking Charges and Locations. Many of the parking fines appear to date back to February 20. Rent your driveway, parking space or garage. The move to cashless payments follows a successful trial at the Gloucester Street car park, which started in January. As a benefit, the startup enables centralized and automatic parking management for smart cities. How does Hozah Autopay work? How do I update the payment details on my account? How do I add a new vehicle to my Autopay account? Can I register multiple cars to my Autopay account? Why have I been charged twice? How do I delete my Autopay account? Pay for your parking with Hozah. com 07932 326479 4h EditedHe focused on the stress of parking and, coming from an NHS family, he fully understands the impact of stress from not knowing how long you’ll need parking for, and the lack of clear information regarding regulations. 00. Since the arrival of Coronavirus, cash has come under significant scrutiny. The first two hours of your stay on campus are free, and you will only be charged £2 for each day that you are on campus. For car parking and two adults £5. This was a great project to work on and one that we are. The optimal concentration of One Taq DNA Polymerase may range from 5–100 units/ml (0. Increased customer satisfaction leads to higher footfall. Mon-Fri: The first two hours of your stay on campus are free, and you will only be charged £2 for each day that you are on campus. Date Event; Date:. up to 2 Hours £2. 262812215 | Terms. Hozah may use both session cookies and persistent cookies to better understand how you interact with our Services, to monitor aggregate usage by our users and web traffic routing on our Services, and to improve our Services. One-time signup. Asset Manager, Cushman & Wakefield <form action="" style="background-color:#fff;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:9999"><div style="font-size:18px;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif. Hozah General Information. Ian. +44 114 287 0910. Say goodbye to parking violators and hello to increased profits. Stay ahead in the digital era and attract. Bus fares. We provide efficient ANPR enforcement services for car park owners and operators, including Parking Charge Notice (PCN) processing, payments, appeals and transfer of liability. Parking experts Hozah have received investment to ensure their new revolutionary technology can get off the ground. You will need to register your details on Hozah. 1 Hozah: Autopay is a Service provided by Hozah Parking that allows drivers to register for the Hozah: Autopay parking payment system that enables drivers to pay parking fees (‘parking tariff’) through our online system that uses Automatic Number Plate Recognition cameras to detect your entry and exit (and length of stay) in a car park. 5. The pass holder is responsible for the pass. a) Protect their property from unwanted trespass. 806517. Hozah is a fully automated parking payment system, which uses number plate recognition cameras to detect when drivers enter and leave a car park, and bills drivers accurately. We're set up and raring to go. Join us in playing your part along with many of our…Hozah has been pioneering Zero Touch Payments® (ZTP) for several years. Stunned drivers have told how they were hit with £100 fines — after a blunder at one of Ayr's busiest car parks. Ian T. com before entering the car park. In search of car parking products?Hozah is a billing software platform that provides fully automated and secure parking payment solutions. Robert Pritchard posted images on LinkedInUK Parking Administration Ltd is a parking enforcement company based in the UK. Parking Services privacy notice. Listen to Her Loss on Spotify. Co-founder & Director at Hozah Ltd 5y Report this post We've had a. 1 Hozah: Autopay is a Service provided by Hozah Parking that allows drivers to register for the Hozah: Autopay parking payment system that enables drivers to pay parking. We accurately calculate the fee and take automatic payment after you leave. Indeed, during busy periods car parks may have some of the highest numbers of. Under the new system, M&S customers remain able. This is a fully automated parking payment system that uses number plate recognition cameras to detect when drivers enter and leave a car park. 🚀🅿️ Out with the Old: Traditional car park management companies have had their time. Hozah. Parking is just £5 for up to 24 hours including secure overnight parking. How Autopay works 1.